Country | Iraq |
Population | 879071 |
Area | 115 km2 (44 sq mi) |
Time Zone | UTC+3 (AST) |
Coordinates | 36.18333, 44.01193 |
Highest elevation | 390 m (1,280 ft) |
City Gallery
City Description
Erbil, also known as Hawler in Kurdish, is the capital and most populous city in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Situated in the Erbil Governorate, this city is a vibrant blend of ancient history and modern development. Human settlement in Erbil dates back to the 5th millennium BC, making it one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. The heart of the city is dominated by the ancient Citadel of Erbil and the Mudhafaria Minaret, both of which stand as testaments to its long and storied past.
Erbil’s earliest historical references date back to the Third Dynasty of Ur of Sumer, with King Shulgi mentioning the city of Urbilum. The city was later conquered by the Assyrians and has seen the rise and fall of numerous empires. In the 3rd century BC, Erbil was an independent power, later coming under the control of the Gutians, Assyrians, and several empires such as the Median, Achaemenid, Macedonian, Seleucid, Armenian, Parthian, Roman, and Sasanian Empires. It also served as the capital of the tributary state of Adiabene between the mid-second century BC and early 2nd century AD. In ancient times, the patron deity of the city was Ishtar of Arbela, highlighting its religious significance.
The city’s history continued through the Muslim conquest of Persia, after which the region saw periods of rule by the Seljuk and Ottoman empires. This rich historical tapestry is preserved in Erbil’s archaeological museum, which houses an extensive collection of pre-Islamic artifacts, particularly Mesopotamian art. The museum serves as a center for archaeological projects, reflecting Erbil’s significance in the study of ancient civilizations.
Erbil’s modern era has seen it grow into a bustling metropolis. As of the latest estimates, the city boasts a population of around 1.5 million people, making it a central hub for political, economic, and cultural activities in the Kurdistan Region. The city was designated as the Arab Tourism Capital in 2014 by the Arab Council of Tourism, underscoring its appeal as a travel destination. Additionally, in July 2014, the Citadel of Erbil was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, cementing its importance on the global stage.
Geographically, Erbil is strategically located, serving as a crossroads between the Middle East and the rest of the world. This advantageous position has contributed to its development as a major economic center. The city’s infrastructure is rapidly modernizing, with new roads, buildings, and facilities being constructed to accommodate its growing population and economic activities.
Culturally, Erbil is a melting pot, with a diverse population that includes Kurds, Arabs, Assyrians, and Turkmen, among others. This diversity is reflected in the city’s cultural events, festivals, and daily life. Traditional Kurdish music, dance, and cuisine are integral parts of the local culture, while modern influences are evident in the city’s restaurants, cafes, and entertainment venues.
Education and human resources are significant aspects of Erbil’s development. The city is home to several universities and higher education institutions, such as Salahaddin University and the American University of Iraq, Sulaimani. These institutions attract students from across the region and beyond, contributing to a skilled and educated workforce.
Economically, Erbil is thriving, with a diverse economy that includes sectors such as oil and gas, construction, tourism, and agriculture. The city’s markets are bustling with activity, offering everything from traditional crafts to modern goods. The presence of numerous international businesses and organizations further highlights Erbil’s role as an economic powerhouse in the region.
In summary, Erbil is a city where ancient history meets modern development. Its rich cultural heritage, strategic location, and economic vitality make it a key city in Iraq and the Middle East. As Erbil continues to grow and evolve, it remains a testament to the resilience and dynamism of its people, attracting visitors, businesses, and scholars from around the world.
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